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由于现在我们所面临的英语作文大多都是议论文，高中阶段尤其如此，即使到了大学之后，一般最多也只是增加了图表作文，所以针对议论文的开头和结尾做了以下的总结：
一、开头的写法
1. 常用议论文开头短语：
When it comes to …,some people think/believe that…Others argue/ claim that opposite/ reverse is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments/ statements, but…
when it comes to: 在这里come就有“谈到”的含义，构成了一个非常常用的短语：when it comes to… 我们常用这个短语来引出某个话题。比如我们可以用它来引出打网球这个话题。when it comes to tennis, you can't beat her.意思是：说到打网球，你是赢不了她的。
Some…others…这个对立的结构引出了两种相反的观点。然后紧跟的一句，There is probably some truth in both…表明的非常严谨的科学态度：“可能都有些道理”最后一个转折but…很自然地引出了自己的论点。
所以这个句型的意思是： 当说到……，有些人认为……，但另一些人则持相反的观点……。这两种观点可能都有点道理，但……
这样的开头应该是很严谨的。不仅提出了人们的不同观点，又带有科学的态度提出自己的见解。
2. 总的示例：一个流行话题：TV a good thing or bad thing(电视好东西还是坏东西)
When it comes to TV some people believe that it is extremely valuable, as it provides relaxation, entertainment, and education. Others claim that it can be harmful if it is watched constantly to the exclusion of other activities. But when it is watched in moderation TV is really a good thing. 提到电视，一些人认为它非常有价值，因为它为人们提供消遣、娱乐和教育。而另外一些人则声称光看电视不参加其它活动对人十分有害。但是折中看来，电视还真是个好玩意。
in moderation: moderation是名词“适度”和in构成介词短语，做副词用。
二、结尾的写法我这里说几种，同学可以对照自己的情况来选择：
1．重复中心思想 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果。
(例1)A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness. It gives zest to life to make
it worth living.
(例2)With all these benefits, it is no wonder that sports and games have now become
more popular with people than ever.
2．作出结论 文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。
(例1)In conclusion, a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial. The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably, and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.
(例2)On the whole there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV. Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV. But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad. Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.
3．应用引语 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。
(例1)If you have anything to do, try to do it yourself, for that is the safest way to
permanent success. Remember the famous saying. "Heaven helps those who help themselves."
(例2)If we stick to studies day after day, there is nothing that can't be achieved. As an old saying goes: "Constant dropping of water wears away a stone."
4．用反问结尾 虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。
(例1)Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and communication, why should we not develop this ability as far as possible?
(例2)So，what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health?
5．提出展望或期望 表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。
(例1)I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century. As China will open further to the outside world the language is sure to be spread world widely.
(例2) If everyone has developed good manners, people will form a more harmonious relation. If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics people will live in a better world. With the general mood of society improved, there will be a progress of civilization.
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